Tob Gobekli

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Video: Tob Gobekli

Video: Tob Gobekli
Video: Human History & Göbekli Tepe, Şerif Yenen - 1 2024, Lub peb hlis ntuj
Tob Gobekli
Tob Gobekli
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Göbekli Tepe - tus menyuam txaj ntawm kev vam meej - keeb kwm, tsim kho, nyuaj
Göbekli Tepe - tus menyuam txaj ntawm kev vam meej - keeb kwm, tsim kho, nyuaj

Kev pom zoo los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb German hauv 1994 hauv Anatolia muab kev saib tshiab ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej. Ntawm ib lub roob nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Qaib Cov Txwv, ze ntawm ciam teb Syrian, kev ntoj ke coj los ntawm Klaus Schmidt tau nthuav tawm lub tuam tsev qub uas zoo kawg li uas muaj 12 txhiab xyoo.

Ancient Stonehenge

Klaus Schmidt, tus pab xibfwb ntawm German Archaeological Institute hauv Berlin, koom nrog txoj kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm noob neej. Thaum xyoo 1994, Schmidt pib khawb av ntawm Gobekli Tepe, nws ntseeg siab tias cov kev khawb av no yuav dhau los ua kev lag luam tseem ceeb hauv nws lub neej. Cov txheej txheem qub txeeg qub teg hauv cheeb tsam no tuaj yeem sib piv nrog Stonehenge hauv Askiv, nrog qhov sib txawv tsuas yog qhov tawg hauv Anatolia yog 6 txhiab xyoo laus dua.

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Raws li menyuam yaus, Klaus Schmidt tsis nkag los ntawm qhov tsua hauv nws lub tebchaws Yelemes, vam tias yuav pom cov duab ua ntej keeb kwm nyob ntawd. Peb caug xyoo tom qab, twb tau sawv cev rau German Archaeological Institute, nws tau pom qee yam tseem ceeb tsis tu ncua - lub tuam tsev nyuaj, yuav luag ob zaug li qub raws li txhua tus qauv zoo sib xws hauv ntiaj teb.

Schmidt hais tias, "Qhov chaw no yog lub supernova, sawv hauv qab tsob ntoo ib leeg ntawm cua daj cua dub 55 km sab qaum teb ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv tus ciam teb nrog Syria." Los ntawm no, tsis hais ib lo lus rau leej twg, lossis siv tag nrho koj lub neej nyob ntawm no, ntawm no cov excavations."

Qab nws, thawj khoov ntawm Anatolian toj siab qhib. Ntau pua mais ua ntej mus rau Baghdad thiab sab qab teb ntxiv yog Mesopotamian Plain, zoo li dej hiav txwv. Ncaj nraim ua ntej, zais tom qab lub toj roob hauv pes, yog lub voj voos pob zeb ntawm Gobekli Tepe. Nyob rau cov hnub ntawd, thaum tib neeg tseem tsis tau tsim lub tsev nyob ruaj khov rau lawv tus kheej, tsis paub yuav ua li cas thiaj ua lub tais av nplaum yooj yim tshaj plaws, thiab khwv tau lawv cov zaub mov los ntawm kev yos hav zoov thiab sib sau ua ke, cov neeg nyob rau Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Tuaj Anatolia tau tsa lub tuam tsev dawb huv rau lawv tus vaj tswv.

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Piv rau Stonehenge - nto moo tshaj plaws ua ntej keeb kwm monument hauv tebchaws Askiv - lawv tsis yog qhov ua tau zoo. Tsis muaj ib qho kev khawb khawb puag ncig (thiab tam sim no muaj plaub ntawm ntawm nees nkaum ntawm lawv) tshaj 30 metres hauv txoj kab uas hla. Dab tsi ua rau pom cov cim tshwj xeeb no yog cov duab carved ntawm npua teb, hma liab, tsov ntxhuav, noog, nab thiab nab, nrog rau lub hnub nyoog ntawm pom lawv tus kheej. Lawv tau tsim hauv 9, 5 txhiab xyoo BC. Lawv yog 5, 5 txhiab xyoo laus dua thawj lub nroog Mesopotamia thiab 7 txhiab xyoo laus dua Stonehenge.

Yuav luag zoo li Jericho

Hauv Gobekli Tepe, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tau tshawb pom ntawm ib lub toj siab loj heev ntawm cov tsev puag ncig thiab cov ncej zeb uas muaj cov pob zeb ua pob zeb. Tam sim no, tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm cov tuam tsev tau raug khawb, tab sis yog tias koj coj mus rau hauv tus account lub hnub nyoog ntawm kev puas tsuaj, nws tam sim ntawd pom tseeb tias qhov no yog qhov chaw tshwj xeeb.

Cov qub puas ntawm Nevali-Keri, uas tau nyob hauv qab ntawm Ataturk reservoir txij li xyoo 1992, yuav luag zoo li Gobekli Tepe, lawv lub hnub nyoog yog 10,500 xyoo. Tab sis cov ncej yog me dua, thiab kho kom zoo nkauj yog me dua. Nrog cov tuam tsev Gobekli Tepe tuaj yeem sib tw thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm Jericho, tab sis tsis muaj cov duab puab loj, tsis muaj kev kho kom zoo nkauj.

Txhua qhov chaw qub qub qub qub qub qub qub qub qub qub qub qub - lawv sawv los li 2 txhiab xyoo tom qab. Cov tib neeg uas tau tsim cov duab puag ncig no thiab cov pob zeb hauv qab pob zeb, txhua qhov nyuaj, tsis muaj cov tais diav thiab tsis cog qoob loo. Lawv nyob hauv kev sib hais haum. Tab sis lawv yog neeg yos hav zoov, tsis yog neeg ua teb.

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Txiav txim siab los ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm Gobekli-Tepe txoj, nws nyob hauv thaj chaw no uas cov neeg yos hav zoov thiab cov neeg sib sau ua ke tau hloov mus rau lub neej nyob ntsiag to. Hauv Gobekli Tepe, ua ntej tshaj plaws, kev txawj ntse muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg ntawm Pob Zeb Hnub Nyoog, lawv txoj haujlwm nyuaj thiab kev paub txog kev tsim kho kev lag luam xav tsis thoob. Tab sis txog tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntseeg tias kev ua tiav ntawm cov phiaj xwm loj xws li kev tsim lub tuam tsev presupposes lub neej nyob ntsiag to thiab qib siab ntawm kev koom tes.

Ian Hodder, xibfwb qhia txog keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Stanford University tau hais tias "Nws ib txwm xav tias tsuas yog cov zej zog sib txawv uas muaj cov txheej txheem txheej txheem txheej txheem tuaj yeem tsim cov txheej txheem zoo li no, thiab lawv tsuas yog tshwm sim nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm kev ua av.". hauv Chatal Hoyuk - nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Neolithic kev nyob hauv Turkey - Gobekli tig tag nrho cov sawv cev. Nov yog cov txheej txheem nyuaj thiab hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm ua ntej yug menyuam ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb. Qhov tseeb no ib leeg ua rau nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm rau lub sijhawm ntev heev."

Vim li cas lub tuam tsev dawb huv thiaj npog lub ntiaj teb?

Qhov chaw tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm ntawm Gobekli Tepe tau tshawb fawb thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1963. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los tsis suav nws qhov tseem ceeb, thiab ntev heev lawv tsis ua haujlwm nyob ntawd. Ntawm lub toj, hauv qhov tuab ntawm lub tuam tsev uas nyob, muaj thaj av oats. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tam sim no thiab tom qab ntawd tshem tawm cov pob zeb loj uas cuam tshuam nrog lawv los ntawm cov teb, yog li ntawd sab saud ntawm lub tuam tsev raug puas tsuaj ua ntej cov kws tshawb fawb tshuaj xyuas nws.

Raws li qhov chaw khawb av, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias tib neeg nyob ntawm no ntev heev. Ntau lub tsev me me tau pom nyob ze lub tsev ncig ntawm lub chaw dawb huv, nyob rau hauv, pom tseeb, qee qhov kev sib sau ua ke tau ua. Tab sis hauv txhua lub tsev no tsis muaj qhov cim me me ntawm tib neeg nyob.

Kev tshawb nrhiav tau mus rau kaum xyoo. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tsuas yog ib feem me me tau raug tshem tawm kom deb li deb, tab sis lub hom phiaj ntawm Gobekli Tepe rau cov neeg uas ua nws tseem tsis tau meej. Qee tus ntseeg tias qhov chaw no tau npaj rau kev ua kom muaj menyuam, thiab ob lub pob zeb siab nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm txhua lub voj voog ua piv txwv tus txiv neej thiab poj niam.

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Duab

Tab sis Schmidt tsis ntseeg txog txoj kev xav ntawm kev muaj menyuam. Nws qhia qhov kev xav tias Gobekli Tepe tuaj yeem yog "kev vam meej zaum kawg ntawm ib haiv neeg ib nrab nomadic, uas tab tom yuav raug puas tsuaj los ntawm lub hnub nyoog tuaj ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb." Nws taw qhia tias yog hnub no qhov chaw no tau raug khaws cia hauv qhov yuav luag zoo, nws tsuas yog vim nws cov neeg tsim khoom tau faus lawv cov khoom tsim nyob hauv qab lub ntiaj teb, zoo li yog lawv lub ntiaj teb, nplua nuj hauv cov tsiaj qus, tau poob tag nrho nws qhov tseem ceeb.

Tab sis nws tsis muaj lub cim xeeb muaj menyuam pom nyob hauv lwm qhov kev tshawb nrhiav Neolithic, thiab T-ncej, thaum pom meej ib nrab ntawm tib neeg, yog asexual. Schmidt hais tias, "Kuv xav tias peb tau khiav mus rau ntawm cov vajtswv thaum ub," Lawv tsis muaj qhov muag, tsis muaj qhov ncauj, tsis muaj ntsej muag. cov creators."

"Los ntawm kuv qhov kev xav, cov neeg uas txiav lawv tawm tau nug cov lus nug loj tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov," tus kws tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv. "Lub ntiaj teb yog dab tsi? Vim li cas peb thiaj nyob ntawm no?"

Tej zaum qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws hauv Gobekli Tepe yog nws hnub kawg. Cov vaj tse tau ua tiav lawm, thiab qhov no piav qhia lawv kev khaws cia zoo. Txhua lub tsev teev ntuj kev cai dab qhuas tsuas yog tso tseg, tso tseg, tab sis lub tuam tsev nyob ntawm Anatolian toj siab tau raug muab faus rau hauv av. Lub tsev loj heev nrog cov ncej loj loj monolithic tau npog nrog cov pob zeb zoo nkauj, puv rau saum nrog pob zeb thiab av, kom nws cia li ploj mus hauv av.

"Portraits" ntawm cov tsiaj qus

Txawm hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los tau tso tawm tsuas yog ib feem ntawm Gobekli Tepe los ntawm hauv qab qhov av, nws twb tuaj yeem kwv yees qhov loj me me txawv txawv ntawm qhov chaw dawb huv. Nws suav nrog plaub lub tuam tsev sib txawv, puag ncig los ntawm lub laj kab pob zeb qis. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov T-puab monoliths nrog qee qhov khaws cia tseg. Lawv piav txog noog, gazelles, bulls hauv txoj kev ntuj tsim. Ib sab ntawm daim duab ntawm tus nees luav thiab tus nab, koj tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm lub taub hau ntawm hma. Muaj txawm tias kab laug sab thiab cov npua teb uas muaj peb sab nrog lub ntsej muag ntsais muag.

Qhov tseeb tias cov neeg tsim lub tuam tsev tau muab qhov tseem ceeb rau tsiaj hauv ntiaj teb no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob. Tab sis lawv tau piav qhia cov tsiaj qus, thiab qhov no tau lees paub qhov kev xav tias cov neeg tsim lub tuam tsev tsis yog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis nyob. Lwm qhov yog qhov nthuav: nyob ib puag ncig ntawm Gobekli Tepe, txhua yam ntawm cov tsiaj qus-cog qoob loo tau nthuav tawm, uas tom qab ntawd cog qoob loo.

Mysterious pictograms

Tej zaum Gobekli Tepe yog qhov txuas uas ploj lawm hauv cov saw hlau - cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov neeg yos hav zoov thaum ub cov neeg yos hav zoov thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb nyob tsis tswm. Kev tsim cov pob zeb monolithic nrog cov nyem yuav tsum muaj qee yam txuj ci kev txawj ntse - rau qhov no, cov kws tshaj lij xav tau. Qhov no txhais tau tias lwm tus neeg muab cov kws txawj txua pob zeb nrog txhua yam tsim nyog rau lub neej, uas yog, lawv muaj ib haiv neeg raws kev faib ua haujlwm.

Qee tus ncej muaj daim duab. Qee tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm kwv yees tias cov cim no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov kab ke ntawm cov cim uas tshwm sim tom qab, tab sis nws nyuaj rau taug qab seb puas muaj kev sib txuas ntawm lawv. Hieroglyphs tsis muaj nyob hauv Mesopotamia nyob sib ze, tab sis nyob hauv Ancient Egypt, uas yog, nyob deb ntawm Gobekli Tepe. Ib qho ntxiv, lub sijhawm luv ntawm Ancient Egypt thiab Gobekli Tepe kab lis kev cai yog ntev heev.

Qhov kawg ntawm lub tuam tsev Gobekli Tepe poob rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo txhiab thib 8 BC. Lub sijhawm no, kev ua liaj ua teb kis mus rau Mesopotamia nyob sib ze. Cov av nyob ib puag ncig ntawm Gobekli Tepe yog qhov tsawg, tej zaum yog vim li no lub tuam tsev tau poob nws qhov tseem ceeb. Cov chaw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tau tsim ntau nyob rau sab qab teb, ntawm thaj chaw muaj qoob loo, hauv hav hav. Tsawg kawg, qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia ib feem vim li cas tib neeg thiaj tawm hauv lub tuam tsev, qhov uas lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv tau pe hawm vajtswv rau ntau pua xyoo. Lawv npog lub tuam tsev nrog pob zeb thiab tawm mus tas li.

Cov tshooj lus ntawm Gobekli Tepe txhawb kom peb rov xav txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev hu ua Neolithic kiv puag ncig. Txog tam sim no, cov kws sau keeb kwm xav tias kev hloov pauv ntawm pab pawg neeg nomadic mus rau kev ua neej nyob tsis tswm tsim lub hauv paus rau kev tsim kho cov nroog loj thiab cov tuam tsev loj. Tab sis kev paub ntawm Gobekli Tepe ua pov thawj tias, hauv txhua qhov muaj peev xwm, nws tsuas yog qhov txawv: qhov muaj nyob ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj loj, uas qhov kev ua yeeb yam tseem ceeb tshwm sim, ua rau tib neeg tsis txhob txav deb ntawm nws, tab sis kom nyob ze rau qhov dawb huv tso thiab ua tsev nyob tas mus li rau lawv tus kheej. Qhov no txhais tau tias thaum xub thawj muaj lub tuam tsev, thiab tom qab ntawd muaj lub tsev, ib lub zos thiab ib lub nroog.

Muaj lwm lub sijhawm ntxim nyiam heev txuas Gobekle Tepe nrog Easter Island. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov duab ntawm cov noog uas muaj lub taub hau ntawm cov steles hauv Gobekle Tepe zoo ib yam li cov duab ntawm tib tus tsiaj uas tau muab txiav rau ntawm pob zeb ntawm Easter Island.

"Noog" nrog Gobekle Tepe

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"Noog" los ntawm Easter Island

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